What can be more clownish than this foolish charging of Miss Martineau with ingratitude for differing in opinion from her Southern friends? I take the law of hospitality to be this:— I con- 

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fer on the friend whom I visit the highest compliment, in giving him my time. He gives me shelter and bread. Does he therewith buy my suffrage to his opinions henceforward? No more than by giving him my time, I have bought his. We stand just where we did before. The fact is, before we met he was bound to " speak the truth (of me) in love "; and he is bound to the same now.
     On Truth.—The story of Captain Ross's company is good example of the policy of honesty. "What do the guns speak? " asked the Esquimaux, when they saw the English levelling them. The English replied that they told what Esquimaux stole files and iron. "Where shall I find seals and musk oxen ? " said the Esquimaux. The English ventured to point where, and the hunter was lucky. Presently the Esquimaux boy was killed by an accident, and the tribe ascribed it to English magic and had almost exterminated the English crew.
Then the saying of George Fox's father : "Truly I see that if a man will but stand by the truth it will carry him out."
Then the sublimity of keeping one's word across years and years.

1836   PROFANATION. UPHAM   5
317 B.C., Attica had seven hundred and twenty square miles with a population of five hundred and twenty-seven thousand souls, and nearly four fifths of that number were slaves.

The Spartan is respectable and strong who speaks what must be spoken ; but these gay Athenians that go up and down the world making all talk a Recitation, talking for display, disgust.

I think profanity to be as real a violation of nature as any other crime. I have as sensible intimations from within of any profanation as I should have if I stole.
Upham* thinks it fatal to the happiness of a young man to set out with ultra-conservative notions in this country. He must settle it in his mind that the human race have got possession, and, though they will make many blunders and do some great wrongs, yet on the whole will consult the interest of the whole.
    * Charles Wentworth Upham, Emerson's classmate and friend, a distinguished citizen of Salem, and author of a work on Salem Witchcraft, and other books.

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    Let not the mouse of my good meaning, Lady,
    Be snapped up in the trap of your suspicion,
    To lose the tail there, either of her truth,
     Or swallowed by the cat of misconstruction.
            BEN JONSON, Tale of a Tub,
                        Act iv, Scene 4..
    Wherein Minerva had been vanquished
    Had she by it her sacred looms advanced
    And thro' thy subject woven her graphick thread.
            GEORGE CHAPMAN, ON SEJANUS.

Swedenborg said, " Man, in proportion as he is more nearly conjoined to the Lord, in the same proportion appeareth to himself more distinctly to be his own, and perceiveth more evidently that he is the Lord's. . . ."
[Here follow several quotations from Swedenborg's Apocalypse Revealed, some of them now in Representative Men.]
The scholar works with invisible tools to invisible ends, so passes for an idler, or worse, brain-sick, defenceless to idle carpenters, masons, and merchants, that, having done nothing most laboriously all day, pounce on him fresh for spoil at night.
Character founded on natural gifts as specific

1836    THE SCHOLAR'S LOT     7
and as rare as military genius ; the power to stand beside his thoughts, or to hold off his thoughts at arm's length and give them perspective; to form it piu nell' uno ; he studies the art of solitude ; he is gravelled in every discourse with common people ; he shows thought to be infinite which you had thought exhausted. There is a real object in nature to which the grocer turns, the intellectual man
                    praestantia norat
    Plurima, mentis opes amplas sub pectore servans,
    Omnia vestigans sapientum docta reperta.
            EMPEDOCLES, ON PYTHAGORAS,
                    Cudworth, vol. ii.
So Bacon's globe of crystal and globe of matter. The thinker, like Glauber, keeps what others throw away. He is aware of God's way of hiding things, i. e., in light; also he knows all by one. Set men upon thinking, and you have been to them a god. All history is poetry ; the globe of facts whereon they trample is bullion to the scientific eye. Meanest life a thread of empyrean light. Scholar converts for them the dishonored facts which they know, into trees of life ; their daily routine into a garden of God, by suggesting the principle which classifies the

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facts.*  We build the sepulchres of our fathers : can we never behold the universe as new, and feel that we have a stake as much as our predecessors ?

Cudworth is an armory for a poet to furnish himself withal. He should look at every writer in that light and read no poor book. Why should the poet bereave himself of the sweetest as well as grandest thoughts by yielding deference to the miserly, indigent unbelief of this age, and leaving God and moral nature out of his catalogue of beings ? I know my soul is immortal if it were only by the sublime emotion I taste in reading these lines of Swedenborg : " The organical body with which the soul clothes itself is here compared to a garment, because a garment invests the body, and the soul also puts off the body and casts it away as old clothes (exuviae), when it emigrates by means of death from the natural world into its own spiritual world."
Influx, p. 26.   

"The sinner is the savage who hews down the whole tree in order to come at the fruit."
    *  Compare passage in "Education" about dull, despised facts being gems and gold.

1836  ENGLISHMAN. MONEY   9
Piickler-Muskau *  describes the English dandy.
His highest triumph is to appear with the most wooden manners as little polished as will suffice to avoid castigation; nay, to contrive even his civilities so that they may appear as near as may be to affronts. Instead of a noble, high-bred ease —to have the courage to offend against every restraint of decorum: to invert the relation in which our sex stands to women so that they appear the attacking and he the passive or defensive party," etc.
Women have less accurate measure of time than men. There is a clock in Adam : none in Eve.
The philosopher, the priest, hesitates to receive money for his instructions,—the author for his works. Instead of this scruple, let them make filthy lucre beautiful by its just expenditure.
It becomes the young American to learn the geography of his country in these days as much
    *  Count von Piickler-Muskau, later Prince, a soldier, scholar, traveller, and prolific writer (1785-1871). His Tour in England was translated by Mrs. Sarah Austin in 1832.

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as it did our fathers to know the streets of their town ; for steam and rails convert roads into streets and regions into neighborhoods.
Steam realizes the story of IEolus's bag. It carries the thirty-two winds in the boiler.
            Sentences of Confucius
            (From Marshman's Confucius)
    " Have no friend unlike yourself."
    " Chee says, Grieve not that men know not you; grieve that you are ignorant of men."
    " How can a man remain concealed ? How can a man remain concealed ? "
    "Chee entered the great temple. Frequently inquiring about things, one said, Who says
that the son of the Chou man understands propriety ? In the great temple he is constantly asking questions.' Chee heard and replied, This is propriety.' "
    "Koong Chee is a man who, through his earnestness in seeking knowledge, forgets his
food, and in his joy for having found it, loses all sense of his toil; who, thus occupied, is unconscious that he has almost arrived at old age."
    "Chee was in the Chhi country for three months hearing Sun's music, and knew not the


1836      ALCOTT'S JOURNALS    11
taste of his meat. He said, had no idea of music arriving at this degree of perfection.' "

"Nothing is complete until it is enacted. A fact is spirit having completed its mission, attained its end, fully revealed itself." Allcott Manuscripts.
"Her dreams are so vivid and impressive that they are taken for realities of sense, and she refers to them afterwards as facts in her experience. So strong is her faith in them, that no reasoning, not even the faith she places in the assurance of her parents, makes her relinquish the conviction.1
"Thus unconsciously, even to us perchance, doth our waking and sleeping life coalesce and lose their separate forms in one predominating sentiment or idea, and take a common unity in the spirit from whence they sprung into life and shaping." ALCOTT.

We are idealists whenever we prefer an idea to a sensation, as when we make personal sacrifices for the sake of freedom or religion. . .
    1. Mr. Alcott was probably writing of one of his little daughters. 2.  Here follows the passage about the eye of Reason  " Idealism" chapter  in  Nature


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As character is more to us, our fellow men cease to exist to us in space and time, and we hold them by real ties.
The idealist regards matter scientifically; the sensualist exclusively. The physical sciences are only well studied when they are explored for ideas. The moment the law is attained, i. e., the Idea, the memory disburthens herself of her centuries of observation.
The book is always dear which has made us for moments idealists. That which can dissipate this block of earth into shining ether is genius. I have no hatred to the round earth and its gray mountains. I see well enough the sand-hill opposite my window. I see with as much pleasure as another a field of corn or a rich pasture, whilst I dispute their absolute being. Their phenomenal being I no more dispute than I do my own. I do not dispute, but point out the just way of viewing them.
Religion makes us idealists. Any strong passion does. The best, the happiest moments of life are these delicious awakenings of the higher powers and the reverential withdrawing of nature before its god.
It is remarkable that the greater the material apparatus, the more the material disappears,

1836    IDEALISM    13
as in Alps and Niagara, in St. Peter's and Naples.
We are all aiming to be idealists, and covet the society of those who make us so, as the sweet singer, the orator, the ideal painter. What nimbleness and buoyancy the conversation of the spiritualist produces in us. We tread on air; the world begins to dislimn.
For the education of the Understanding the earth and world serve . . .*
Nature, from an immoveable god, on which, as reptiles, we creep, and to which we must conform our being, becomes an instrument, and serves us with all her kingdoms : then becomes a spectacle.
To the rude it seems as if matter had absolute existence, existed from an intrinsic necessity. The first effect of thought is to make us sensible that spirit exists from an intrinsic necessity, that matter has a merely phenomenal or accidental being, being created from spirit, or being the manifestation of spirit. The moment our higher faculties are called into activity we are domesticated, and our awkwardness or torpor or discom-
    * Here follows the passage on Science teaching that Nature's dice are always loaded, etc. “Discipline," in Nature.

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fort gives place to natural and agreeable movements.
The first lesson of Religion is, The things that are seen are temporal ; the unseen, eternal.
It is easy to solve the problem of individual existence. Why Milton, Shakspear, or Canova should be, there is reason enough. But why the million should exist, drunk with the opium of Time and Custom, does not appear. If their existence is phenomenal, they serve so valuable a purpose to the education of Milton, that, grant us the Ideal theory, and the universe is solved. Otherwise, the moment a man discovers that he has aims which his faculties cannot answer, the world becomes a riddle. Yet Piety restores him to Health.

Cold, bright Sunday morn, white with deep snow. Charles thinks if a superior being should look into families, he would find natural relations existing, and man a worthy being, but if he followed them into shops, senates, churches, and societies, they would appear wholly artificial and worthless. Society seems noxious. I believe that against these baleful influences Nature is the antidote. The man comes out of the wrangle of

1836    MOTIVES    15
the shop and office, and sees the sky and the woods, and is a man again. He not only quits the cabal, but he finds himself. But how few men see the sky and the woods !
Good talk to-day with Charles of motives that may be addressed by a wise man to a wise man. First, Self-improvement ; and secondly, it were equipollent could he announce that elsewhere companions, or a companion, were being nourished and disciplined whose virtues and talents might tax all the pupil's faculties in honorable and sweet emulation. Charles thinks it a motive also to leave the world richer by some such bequest as the Iliad or Paradise Lost, a splendid munificence which must give the man an affection to the race he had benefitted wherever he goes. Another is the power that virtue and wisdom acquire. The man takes up the world into his proper being. The two - oared boat may be swamped in a squall. The vessels of Rothschild every wind blows to port. He insures himself.
The Revival that comes next must be preached to man's moral nature, and from a height of principle that subordinates all persons. It must forget historical Christianity and preach

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God who is, not God who was. Eripitur persona, manet res. It must preach the Eternity of God as a practical doctrine.
God manifest in the flesh of every man is a perfect rule of social life. Justify yourself to an infinite Being in the ostler and dandy and stranger, and you shall never repent.
The same view might hinder me from signing a pledge. There is such an immense background to my nature that I must treat my fellow as Empire treats Empire, and God, God. My whole being is to be my pledge and declaration, and not a signature of ink.
That life alone is beautiful which is conformed to an Idea. Let us not live from hand to mouth now, that we may not ever.
I would not have a man dainty in his conduct. Let him not be afraid of being besmirched by being advertised in the newspapers, or by going into Athenaeums and town meetings, or by making speeches in public. Let his chapel of private thoughts be so holy that it shall perfume and separate him unto the Lord, though he lay in a kennel.
Let not a man guard his dignity, but let his dignity guard him.

1836    GOETHE    17

    This passing Hour is an edifice
    Which the Omnipotent cannot rebuild.

Goethe writes to his friend, September 22, 1787, from Rome, "It is really cheering that these four pretty volumes, the result of half a life, should seek me out in Rome. I can truly say, there is no word therein which has not been lived, felt, enjoyed, suffered, thought, and they speak to me now all the livelier."
The vessel that carried him from Palermo to Naples was in danger, and the ship's company roared at the master. " The master was silent, and seemed ever to think only of the chance of saving the ship; but for me, to whom from youth anarchy was more dreadful than death itself, it was impossible longer to be silent."
"For the narrowed mind, whatever he attempts is still a trade; for the higher an art ; and the highest, in doing one thing, does all : or, to speak less paradoxically, in the one thing which he does rightly, he sees the likeness of all which is done rightly." (Volume xxi, p. 51.)* .    .
    * Here follow many pages of translations, made by Mr. Emerson, from Goethe's letters, observations on travel, Italy, ancient art, the beautiful, the human form, anatomy. He had the Nachgelassene Werke in fifty-five leather-bound duodecimo volumes, printed at Stuttgart and Tubingen in 1832. Then

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A man should stand among his fellow men as one coal lies in the fire it has kindled, radiating heat, but lost in the general flame.
Task work is good for idlers, and man is an idler. Its greatest disadvantage is that when you accept mechanical measures instead of spiritual ones, you are prone to fill up the chasms of your prophecy with prose.
The moment we enter into the higher thoughts, fame is no more affecting to the ear than the faint tinkle of the passing sleigh bell.
Gradation : that is one of the lessons which human life is appointed to learn. . . .*
Charles thinks that Homer is the first Poet, Shakspear the second, and that the third will be greatest of all, the reflective.
follow some remarks and criticisms on Goethe which were later published in the Dial, under the title Modern Literature," and are reprinted in the volume Natural History of Intellect, Centenary and Riverside Editions.
    * Here follows the passage on the uses of space and time (Nature, "Discipline,").


1836    EACH MAN'S QUESTIONS   19
Nature has that congruity that all its parts make a similar impression on one mind ; of the beautiful on the poet ; of the lucrative on the merchant; etc. In the talk this afternoon I was instructed that every man has certain questions which always he proposes to the Eternal, and that his life and fortune, his ascetic, are so moulded as to constitute the answers, if only he will read his consciousness aright. I ask one question with eagerness ; my friend, another. I have no curiosity respecting historical Christianity; respecting persons and miracles : I take the phenomenon as I find it, and let it have its effect on me, careless whether it is a poem or a chronicle. Charles would know whether it covers the dimensions of what is in man ; whether the Cross is an idea in the divine mind? I am the practical Idealist in the view mentioned above. The comfort is great of looking out of the straw and rags of our fortune steadfastly to the First Cause, and saying, Whilst I hold my faith, I have the virtue that can turn these cobwebs into majesty, whilst I remain a watcher for what thought, what Revelation, Thou canst yet impart. . . .
All cultivation tends steadily to degrade

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nature into an organ, a spectacle, an expedient. Man's enchanted dust.*
Strange is it to me how man is holden on a curb-rein and hindered from knowing, and drop by drop or shade by shade thoughts trickle and loiter upon him, and no reason under heaven can he give, or get a glimpse of why he should not grow wiser faster, moving about in worlds not realized.
All things work together for good unto them that love God. No man is the Idealist's enemy. He accepts all.
Last week I went to Salem. At the Lafayette Hotel where I lodged, every five or ten minutes the barkeepers came into the sitting-room to arrange their hair and collars at the looking-glass. So many joys has the kind God provided for us dear creatures.